OPINION
By EARL ANTHONY WAYNE, former U.S. ambassador to Mexico
President Joe Biden’s visit to the U.S.-Mexico border on Sunday, Jan. 8, and his new migration policy initiatives were important steps toward better managing the record numbers of migrants arriving at the border. However, there is a bigger North American agenda to tackle during the 10th North American Leaders’ Summit (NALS), often referred to as the Three Amigos Summit, and the bilateral meetings with his Mexican and Canadian counterparts starting on Monday, Jan. 9.
Migration will be a key item during the talks in Mexico City. Better U.S.-Mexico cooperation is essential to better handle the massive migration flows arriving at the U.S. border going forward. U.S. officials are praising current cooperation being provided by Mexico.
However, much additional partnership from countries across the region is essential to reducing the numbers of migrants on the move in the Western Hemisphere. Such collaboration includes creating more legal migration pathways as an alternative to irregular migration, providing more humanitarian care for migrants and dealing with root causes pushing so many to leave their homes. A total of 21 governments agreed in principle to this approach during the Los Angeles Summit of the Americas last June, but much action is still needed.
There is much more than migration to address during the Jan. 9 and Jan. 10 trilateral and bilateral meetings in Mexico City among Biden, Canadian Prime Minister Trudeau and Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO).
The White House has said that Biden will raise the soaring cross-border smuggling of deadly synthetic opioids like fentanyl. While Mexico and the United States have agreed on a joint framework to fight cross-border crime, too many in the United States are dying from overdoses of drugs smuggled from Mexico, and too many in Mexico are suffering from the violence associated with that drug smuggling. Much-better results are needed from U.S.-Mexico cooperation against the cross-border criminal groups, and more effective steps are needed to reduce chemical precursors arriving from China that Mexico’s criminals use to produce their lethal contraband. Trilateral North American cooperation can help on this and other citizen security threats.
The broader NALS agenda, however, focuses on strengthening crucial longer-term cooperation to make the continent more economically competitive and better positioned to confront global challenges. This agenda is technical and will demand years of engagement. The work is essential to bolster the United States, Mexico and Canada in the global competition with China and other economic powerhouses, as well as to better confront global challenges such as climate change and potential future pandemics.
The international commercial system is transforming from the old model of globalization to a new system where regional supply chains and coproduction networks are more important than ever. For North America, this translates into attracting more manufacturing reshoring and nearshoring; building more resilient supply chains for key industries; developing and deploying the technologies that will fuel future economies, such as those needed for “greener” cars; assuring access to critical minerals and renewable energy going forward; building more modern, secure and efficient physical and cyber infrastructure and borders; and dealing more effectively with the challenges to North America’s environment from climate change. Progress demands consistent, well-organized work among the three governments (and the private sector) to assure compatible policies, investments and regulations that make the region more competitive. The potential is enormous.
This “future-building” agenda, going beyond just trade, has too often been neglected, but it is critical for securing a prosperous future for the United States, Mexico and Canada with more jobs and higher wages. The track record from North American cooperation other than on trade has been mixed, but now the three countries face a new global setting, which prioritizes regional cooperation and domestic economic investments, such as those the United States has begun with major legislation including the Chips and Science law, the Inflation Reduction law and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs law.
In this context, it will be crucial to carefully scrutinize the progress on the ambitious agenda approved by leaders at the November 2021 NALS and the work plan that the three leaders task their officials to deliver over the year ahead. Not surprisingly, this week’s meetings will include many cabinet members from all three countries and a broad set of topics.
We should expect to see commitments to increase North American competitiveness including on supply chains, new technologies and borders; on addressing climate and environmental challenges, including emissions and greener energy; on managing migration and development challenges; on bolstering health security, including new post-pandemic regional cooperation; on enhancing citizen security; and on efforts to advance diversity, equity and inclusion, which all three governments have emphasized. We can hope the list of summit “deliverables” will be doable, measurable and placed in a durable framework for officials to produce concrete, transparent progress reports.
The U.S., Canadian and Mexican economies are so deeply intertwined that no other countries in the world have more effects on the daily lives of their citizens than do their North American neighbors. The United States builds more things together with its neighbors, by far, than with any other countries in the world. In addition, Canada is the United States’ largest supplier of petroleum, followed by Mexico.
Under the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), trade across North America has been soaring over the last two years, with double-digit growth. Trade flows in 2022 reached $3 million a minute through September. Canada and Mexico remain the United States’ top trading partners, ahead of China. This commerce supports an estimated 12 million U.S. jobs and millions more in Canada and Mexico, and accounts for some 66 percent and 80 percent, respectively, of Canadian and Mexican exports.
While there will not be detailed trade talks, the three leaders are expected to discuss important trade disputes under the USMCA. The best outcome would be leaders’ commitments to resolve the disputes quickly by following the norms and processes agreed upon in the USMCA. Currently, three big disputes revolve around Mexico’s questionable energy-related policies and treatment of private-sector investors, Mexico’s threats to ban U.S. genetically modified corn exports and U.S. proposals for how to measure “North American” content in vehicles that get tariff breaks under the USMCA. Finding solutions would help further unlock the great potential of the USMCA to boost North America’s prosperity.
EARL ANTHONY WAYNE is a public policy fellow at the Woodrow Wilson Center and career ambassador (ret.) from the U.S. Diplomatic Service, where he served as U.S. ambassador to both Mexico and Argentina, as well as assistant secretary of State for economic and business affairs. He is also the co-chair of the Wilson Center’s Mexico Institute Advisory Board and a Diplomat in Residence at American University’s School of International Service.